Technical Specifications
1. General Information
- Product Name: Bismuth Nanopowder
- Chemical Symbol: Bi
- Purity: ≥ 99.9%
- Particle Size: 80 nm
- Form: Fine nanopowder
- Color: Silvery-white to metallic gray
2. Chemical Composition
- Elemental Composition: Bismuth (Bi) ≥ 99.9%
- Impurities: Trace amounts of oxygen, carbon, and other elements depending on the synthesis method
- Moisture Content: ≤ 0.5%
3. Physical Properties
- Particle Size Distribution: Approximately 80 nm with a narrow size distribution
- Surface Area: 5-30 m²/g (varies based on processing)
- Density:
- Bulk Density: 9.78 g/cm³
- Tap Density: 8.50 g/cm³
- Melting Point: 271.4°C
- Boiling Point: 1,564°C
- Thermal Stability: Stable up to its boiling point under normal atmospheric conditions
- Crystalline Structure: Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) or rhombohedral crystal structures depending on synthesis method
4. Morphological Characteristics
- Shape: Primarily spherical or near-spherical nanoparticles
- Agglomeration: Moderate tendency to agglomerate; may require dispersants or surface treatments for uniform distribution in applications
- Surface Morphology: Smooth to slightly rough surfaces, potentially with functional groups depending on processing and functionalization
5. Handling and Storage
- Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place away from oxidizing agents and moisture
- Packaging: Typically available in sealed, moisture-resistant containers to prevent contamination and moisture absorption
- Safety Precautions:
- Avoid inhalation of fine dust particles; use appropriate respiratory protection
- Wear protective gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing during handling
- Handle in a well-ventilated area or under an inert atmosphere if necessary
- Prevent exposure to open flames or high temperatures due to flammability at elevated temperatures
6. Regulatory Compliance
- Standards: Complies with relevant material safety standards such as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) and RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances)
- Certifications: May vary based on manufacturer; ensure compliance with local and international regulations as applicable
7. Synthesis Methods
- Mechanical Milling: Mechanical process that grinds bulk bismuth into nanopowder, allowing control over particle size and distribution
- Chemical Reduction: Involves reducing bismuth salts in the presence of stabilizing agents to form metallic nanoparticles
- Electrochemical Deposition: Utilizes electrochemical cells to deposit bismuth nanoparticles onto substrates with precise control over size and morphology
- Thermal Decomposition: Decomposes bismuth-containing precursors at high temperatures to form metallic nanoparticles
8. Functionalization
- Surface Treatments: Can be functionalized with various chemical groups to enhance compatibility with different matrices or to impart specific properties such as hydrophobicity, electrical conductivity, or catalytic activity
- Dispersants: May require the addition of dispersing agents or surfactants to prevent agglomeration in composite materials and ensure uniform distribution
Applications
1. Electronics and Semiconductors
- Thermoelectric Materials: Utilized in thermoelectric devices for efficient conversion of heat to electricity and vice versa, leveraging bismuth’s low thermal conductivity and high electrical conductivity.
- Semiconductor Manufacturing: Serves as a dopant or additive in the production of semiconductor devices, improving electrical properties and device performance.
- Conductive Inks: Formulated into highly conductive inks for printed electronics, flexible circuits, wearable devices, and transparent conductive films.
2. Medical and Biomedical Applications
- Radiopharmaceuticals: Used in the development of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging and targeted cancer therapies due to bismuth’s low toxicity compared to other heavy metals.
- Antimicrobial Agents: Explored for use in antimicrobial coatings and materials, providing antibacterial and antifungal properties for medical devices and surfaces.
- Drug Delivery Systems: Incorporated into nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for targeted therapy, controlled release of pharmaceuticals, and improved bioavailability of therapeutic agents.
3. Environmental Applications
- Water Treatment: Investigated for use in advanced adsorption processes to remove contaminants, heavy metals, and pollutants from water, thereby improving water quality and safety.
- Pollution Control: Utilized in the development of materials designed to capture or neutralize harmful substances in industrial emissions, contributing to cleaner air and reduced environmental impact.
- Catalytic Degradation: Employed in catalytic systems for the degradation of organic pollutants and hazardous waste, promoting environmentally friendly waste management solutions.
4. Energy Storage and Conversion
- Battery Materials: Used in advanced battery technologies, including lithium-ion and bismuth-based batteries, to improve energy density, cycle life, and overall performance.
- Fuel Cells: Acts as a catalyst support or active material in advanced fuel cells, enhancing efficiency, durability, and power output.
- Supercapacitors: Utilized in the development of high-performance supercapacitors for energy storage solutions requiring rapid charge and discharge cycles.
5. Composite Materials
- Reinforcement Agent: Incorporated into polymer, metal, and ceramic matrices to significantly enhance mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, wear resistance, and thermal stability.
- Lightweight Structures: Used in the fabrication of lightweight and robust composite materials for automotive, aerospace, and sporting goods applications, contributing to fuel efficiency and performance.
- Magnetic Composites: Combined with magnetic materials to create composites with tailored magnetic properties for specific applications.
6. Nanotechnology and Research
- Nanocomposites: Fundamental component in the development of nanocomposite materials with tailored properties for specific applications, such as enhanced mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, or thermal management.
- Research and Development: Extensively used in academic and industrial research to study the properties and potential applications of bismuth at the nanoscale, including its electronic, thermal, and mechanical behaviors.
- Quantum Computing: Investigated for potential applications in quantum computing components, leveraging its unique electronic properties and interactions at the nanoscale.
7. Defense and Military
- Explosives and Pyrotechnics: Used in the formulation of high-energy explosives and pyrotechnic devices, enhancing their performance, stability, and controlled energy release.
- Sensors and Detection Systems: Incorporated into advanced sensor technologies for the detection of chemical, biological, and radiological agents, improving the responsiveness and accuracy of defense systems.
- Stealth Technology: Utilized in materials and coatings designed for stealth applications, reducing radar cross-section and enhancing concealment capabilities.
8. Industrial Manufacturing
- Abrasives: Employed in high-precision abrasive materials for grinding, cutting, and polishing applications due to its superior hardness and durability, enabling efficient material processing.
- Additive Manufacturing: Utilized in advanced 3D printing and additive manufacturing processes to create complex components with enhanced material properties, such as increased strength, thermal resistance, and electrical conductivity.
- Surface Coatings: Applied as a component in surface coatings to improve hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion protection of industrial machinery and tools.
9. Optoelectronics
- Photonic Devices: Utilized in the fabrication of photonic devices, including LEDs, lasers, and optical sensors, benefiting from bismuth’s unique optical properties.
- Nonlinear Optics: Explored for use in nonlinear optical applications, enabling the development of advanced optical materials and devices for telecommunications and information processing.
10. Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals
- Pigments and Dyes: Used in the formulation of pigments and dyes for cosmetics, providing vibrant colors and stability.
- Pharmaceuticals: Incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations for its therapeutic properties and as a carrier for active pharmaceutical ingredients.
