Technical Specifications
1. General Information
- Product Name: Diamond Nanopowder
- Chemical Symbol: C
- Purity: ≥ 98%
- Particle Size: 3 nm
- Form: Fine nanopowder
- Color: Transparent to opaque white, depending on size and aggregation
2. Chemical Composition
- Elemental Composition: Carbon (C) ≥ 98%
- Impurities: Trace amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements depending on the synthesis method
- Moisture Content: ≤ 1%
3. Physical Properties
- Particle Size Distribution: Approximately 3 nm with a narrow size distribution
- Surface Area: 500-800 m²/g (varies based on processing)
- Density:
- Bulk Density: 3.51 g/cm³
- Tap Density: 2.70 g/cm³
- Melting Point: Sublimes at ~3,550°C under atmospheric pressure
- Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling under standard atmospheric conditions
- Thermal Stability: Extremely high thermal stability, resistant to oxidation at elevated temperatures in inert atmospheres
- Crystalline Structure: Diamond cubic crystal structure with possible amorphous carbon phases depending on synthesis method
4. Morphological Characteristics
- Shape: Primarily spherical nanoparticles
- Agglomeration: High tendency to agglomerate due to strong Van der Waals forces; requires dispersants or surface functionalization for uniform distribution
- Surface Morphology: Highly smooth surfaces with possible functional groups introduced during synthesis or post-treatment
5. Handling and Storage
- Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place away from oxidizing agents and moisture
- Packaging: Typically available in sealed, moisture-resistant containers to prevent contamination and agglomeration
- Safety Precautions:
- Avoid inhalation of fine dust particles; use appropriate respiratory protection
- Wear protective gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing during handling
- Handle in a well-ventilated area or under an inert atmosphere if necessary
- Prevent exposure to open flames or high temperatures as diamond nanoparticles can oxidize under certain conditions
6. Regulatory Compliance
- Standards: Complies with relevant material safety standards such as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) and RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances)
- Certifications: May vary based on manufacturer; ensure compliance with local and international regulations as applicable
7. Synthesis Methods
- Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): Produces high-purity diamond nanoparticles with precise control over size and morphology through gas-phase reactions
- Detonation Synthesis: Involves explosive decomposition of carbon-containing explosives to form diamond nanoparticles, often requiring subsequent purification
- Plasma-Assisted Synthesis: Utilizes plasma reactors to facilitate the formation of diamond nanoparticles under controlled conditions
- High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) Synthesis: Mimics natural diamond formation by subjecting carbon sources to extreme pressure and temperature, resulting in nanoparticle formation
8. Functionalization
- Surface Treatments: Can be functionalized with various chemical groups (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine) to enhance compatibility with different matrices or to impart specific properties such as hydrophobicity, electrical conductivity, or catalytic activity
- Dispersants: May require the addition of dispersing agents or surfactants to prevent agglomeration in composite materials and ensure uniform distribution
Applications
1. Electronics and Semiconductors
- High-Performance Transistors: Utilized in the fabrication of transistors that benefit from diamond’s excellent thermal conductivity and electron mobility, enhancing device performance and reliability.
- Heat Sinks and Thermal Management: Incorporated into electronic components as advanced heat sinks to efficiently dissipate heat, preventing overheating and improving device longevity.
- Quantum Computing: Explored for use in quantum computing components, leveraging diamond’s unique electronic properties and nitrogen-vacancy centers for qubit implementation.
2. Biomedical Applications
- Drug Delivery Systems: Incorporated into nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for targeted therapy, controlled release of pharmaceuticals, and improved bioavailability of therapeutic agents.
- Biomedical Imaging: Utilized in the development of contrast agents for advanced imaging techniques, enhancing the resolution and accuracy of medical diagnostics.
- Antimicrobial Coatings: Explored for use in antimicrobial coatings and materials, providing antibacterial and antifungal properties for medical devices and surfaces.
3. Industrial Manufacturing
- Abrasives and Cutting Tools: Employed in high-precision abrasive materials for grinding, cutting, and polishing applications due to diamond’s superior hardness and durability, enabling efficient material processing.
- Wear-Resistant Coatings: Applied as a component in wear-resistant coatings to improve the longevity and performance of industrial machinery and tools subjected to harsh operating conditions.
- Additive Manufacturing: Utilized in advanced 3D printing and additive manufacturing processes to create complex components with enhanced material properties, such as increased strength, thermal resistance, and electrical conductivity.
4. Energy Storage and Conversion
- Supercapacitors: Utilized in the development of high-performance supercapacitors for energy storage solutions requiring rapid charge and discharge cycles, benefiting from diamond’s high surface area and electrical conductivity.
- Battery Electrodes: Incorporated into battery electrode materials to improve energy density, cycle life, and overall performance of advanced battery technologies.
- Fuel Cells: Acts as a catalyst support or active material in fuel cells, enhancing efficiency, durability, and power output through diamond’s excellent catalytic properties.
5. Composite Materials
- Reinforcement Agent: Incorporated into polymer, metal, and ceramic matrices to significantly enhance mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, wear resistance, and thermal stability.
- Lightweight Structures: Used in the fabrication of lightweight and robust composite materials for automotive, aerospace, and sporting goods applications, contributing to fuel efficiency and performance.
- Electrical Composites: Combined with conductive materials to create composites with tailored electrical properties for specific applications, including electromagnetic shielding and conductive pathways.
6. Environmental Applications
- Water Treatment: Investigated for use in advanced adsorption processes to remove contaminants, heavy metals, and pollutants from water, thereby improving water quality and safety.
- Pollution Control: Utilized in the development of materials designed to capture or neutralize harmful substances in industrial emissions, contributing to cleaner air and reduced environmental impact.
- Catalytic Degradation: Employed in catalytic systems for the degradation of organic pollutants and hazardous waste, promoting environmentally friendly waste management solutions.
7. Optoelectronics
- Photonic Devices: Utilized in the fabrication of photonic devices, including LEDs, lasers, and optical sensors, benefiting from diamond’s unique optical properties such as wide bandgap and high refractive index.
- Nonlinear Optics: Explored for use in nonlinear optical applications, enabling the development of advanced optical materials and devices for telecommunications and information processing.
- Ultrafast Lasers: Incorporated into ultrafast laser systems to enhance performance and efficiency, leveraging diamond’s exceptional thermal and optical characteristics.
8. Aerospace and Defense
- Thermal Protection Systems: Employed in advanced heat shields and ablative materials due to its exceptional thermal stability and resistance to extreme temperatures, protecting spacecraft and high-speed aircraft.
- Armor Materials: Incorporated into lightweight and high-strength armor systems for enhanced protection against ballistic threats and projectiles, leveraging diamond’s superior hardness.
- Sensors and Detection Systems: Utilized in advanced sensor technologies for the detection of chemical, biological, and radiological agents, improving the responsiveness and accuracy of defense systems.
9. Nanotechnology and Research
- Nanocomposites: Fundamental component in the development of nanocomposite materials with tailored properties for specific applications, such as enhanced mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, or thermal management.
- Research and Development: Extensively used in academic and industrial research to study the properties and potential applications of diamond at the nanoscale, including its electronic, thermal, and mechanical behaviors.
- Quantum Computing: Investigated for potential applications in quantum computing components, leveraging diamond’s unique electronic properties and interactions at the nanoscale.
10. Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals
- Pigments and Dyes: Used in the formulation of pigments and dyes for cosmetics, providing vibrant colors, UV protection, and stability without compromising the product’s integrity.
- Pharmaceuticals: Incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations for its therapeutic properties and as a carrier for active pharmaceutical ingredients, enhancing drug delivery and efficacy.
- Personal Care Products: Utilized in personal care products such as exfoliants and anti-aging formulations, benefiting from diamond nanoparticles’ abrasive and skin-refining properties.
